The brown crab (Cancer pagurus) fishery is economically a very important fishery for Scottish vessels with total landings in 2009 of around 9,510 tonnes and a value of £10.51 million. The fishery is long established and landings, although variable, have increased significantly over the last thirty years.  Previously, most brown crab was caught inshore in mixed species creel fisheries. From the mid 1980s technological advances allowed the fishery to expand to offshore areas to the west and north of Scotland, which nowadays account for almost a third of total landings. Landings from the four principal brown crab fishing areas, the Hebrides, Sule, South Minch and Orkney, made up 66% of the total in 2008. The majority of crabs are landed in the third and fourth quarters of the year and a large proportion are exported live to markets in southern Europe.

The brown crab is found all around the Scottish coast from the shallow sub-littoral into offshore waters to depths exceeding 100 m. It inhabits rocky reefs, mixed coarse grounds and soft sediments (muddy sand) particularly on the offshore grounds.  Brown crabs eat mainly benthic invertebrates, particularly bivalves, small decapods and barnacles; although their capture in baited traps indicates that they will also scavenge for food.  In common with other crustaceans, brown crab grow by casting (moulting) their shell and then hardening a new larger shell. Growth rate varies between areas and animals will typically recruit to the fishery, (140 mm carapace width CW) at four to six years old. Small animals may moult several times in a year, but at larger sizes growth slows down and the inter-moult period can be as long as four years. Female brown crabs in Scottish waters typically mature between 130-150 mm CW. During courtship the mature female is guarded by a male. Mating takes place post moult while the shell is still soft. Females produce up to three million eggs. Fertilised eggs are carried under the female’s “tail” for up to nine months, over the winter, until they hatch. The larvae are pelagic and drift with water movements until they settle to the seabed as miniature adults (about 2.5 mm in size) in summer or autumn depending on latitude and water temperature. Juvenile crabs are more commonly found in shallow inshore waters.

Adult crabs, especially females, can undertake extensive seasonal migrations (100s km), behaviour thought to be associated with reproduction. Migration of adults and the dispersal of larvae will both influence how connected stocks are. The structure of brown crab populations around Scotland is poorly understood.



Creel fishery assessment areas and Scottish brown crab landings (tonnes) in 2008

The brown crab fishery is not subject to EU TAC regulations or national quotas although there are EU measures in place to restrict the fishing effort (kW days) of all vessels > 15 m (including creel boats) in ICES Subarea VI. In Scotland, vessels landing brown crab are required to have a license with a shellfish entitlement. Vessels without this entitlement are only allowed to land limited amounts (25 crabs per day). The main regulatory mechanism is a minimum landing size of 140 mm CW to the north of 56 ^oN and 130 mm CW to the south of 56 ^oN (except for the Firth of Forth).

Assessment

Age determination is generally not possible for animals which moult and application of age-structured assessment methods to crustacean stocks is problematic. Length Cohort Analysis (LCA) is the method used for assessing brown crab stocks.  It uses official landings and length frequency data collected as part of the Marine Scotland Science market sampling programme. LCA results are calculated in terms of yield-per-recruit and biomass-per-recruit relative to changes in fishing mortality, providing a framework for evaluation of management measures. Assuming a direct relationship between fishing mortality and effort, generally, lower levels of fishing effort will result in an increase in stock size and a reduction in landings.  A higher level of fishing effort will reduce total stock biomass but landings may also fall, as animals are caught before they have had time to grow to a size that would contribute much weight to the yield (growth overfishing).  In between these lies F_MAX, the fishing mortality rate that maximizes yield per recruit. The changes that the LCA predicts are long term (equilibrium).  The method does not provide any indication of short-term stock dynamics or recruitment over-fishing. Assessments are performed on a regional basis for males and females separately.

Results of assessments based on LCAs for the period 2006-2008 for nine of the twelve assessment areas summarising estimates of fishing mortality in relation to the reference point F_MAX are shown on the map. There was insufficient sampling data from the Mallaig, Ullapool and Papa areas to conduct LCAs.  Of the assessed areas, the majority were growth overfished to some extent, particular male stocks.  In the areas of major importance for brown crab landings, fishing mortality is estimated to be significantly above F_MAX for both males and females in Clyde, South Minch and South East whilst in the Hebrides and Sule, current fishing mortality is approximately F_MAX. In Shetland, Orkney, North Coast and East Coast, the fishing mortality for female stocks is close to F_MAX while males are being fished above F_MAX.

Management advice

Overall, assessments for the period 2006-2008 show that most brown crab stocks in Scotland  were fished close to or above F_MAX, which is above the optimum effort level to achieve the maximum yield per recruit.  In many of the assessment areas, a higher yield and biomass per recruit in the long term could potentially be obtained by reducing the level of fishing mortality (effort).